Mashal Khan, a 23 year old journalism student was seized from his dorm room by a mob that stripped and beat him, then shot him dead on 13 April 2017 in Mardan in North West Pakistan. Khan was accused of offending Islam (Rasmussen and Baloch 2017). In the month of May 2017, a mob attacked a police station demanding that Prakash Kumar, a 34 year old Hindu, arrested under blasphemy laws of Pakistan, be handed over to the mob (AFP 2017). Just over a week later, a mob attacked a mentally ill man who claimed to be a prophet at his local mosque in north-western Chitral (Pakistan). He was rescued by police. The spate of incidents followed government of Pakistan’s drive against blasphemy. Unproven allegations of “insult to Islam” led to dozens of mob attacks or murders since 1990 in Pakistan.
India is trying to catch up with Pakistan with spate of mob lynching after the BJP Govt. was elected to power in May 2014, different only with regards to minor details. Replace the allegation of “insult to Islam” with “cow slaughter” and you get same lawlessness and lynch mentality on this side of the border. The similarities between Pakistani – jihadi if you prefer the term – and Hindu supremacist lynch mobs are many – on both sides of the border the blood thirsty lynch mobs were encouraged by specific legislations – blasphemy laws in case of Pakistan and anti-cow slaughter laws in case of India.
The lynch mobs on both sides of the border target their respective minorities with the state law and order machinery laid back and taking little action against the members of lynch mob. They target the economically poor, politically weak and socially marginalized within the minorities. Not the elite within the minorities. The lynch mobs do not target owners of the beef packaging and exporting industry and large slaughter houses. Slaughter of large number of cows and progeny would come to a near halt if fear of God was put in the owners of beef exporting industry.
Instead of taking strict punitive action under law against the members of lynch mob, the machinery mandated to uphold law and order investigate the allegations made by the mob against their victims. Booking the victims of the lynch mob is meant as a measure to appease the blood thirsty mob. The Pakistani police registered offence against Prakash Kumar. In case of Mashal Khan, Abdul Wali Khan University launched an inquiry whether Khan insulted Islam. In the case of Dadri lynching, the police sent sample of meat to laboratory for testing whether it was beef.
In both countries, the lynch mob enjoy patronage of politicians from the ruling party and dominant religio-political organisation – Hindu supremacist in India and Islamic fundamentalist organisations in Pakistan. In both the Countries, law abiding citizens were horrified by the violence invoking religious issues. Protestors in India protested in various cities and towns under #NotInMyName campaign after lynching of a teenage boy Junaid in Haryana. Protesters gathered across Pakistan, calling for justice after lynching of Mashal Khan. Prime Minister of Pakistan Mr. Nawaz Sharif condemned the murder – although it took him two days. Prime Minister Modi too condemned the so called gau rakshaks for records more than nudging the police to act against them effectively.
Indian Constitution is democratic, whereas Pakistan is believed to be dominated by “jihadi” ideology. While there have been only about a dozen lynching in Pakistan since 1990, in India, media reported 33 incidents of mob lynching since the year 2015 beginning with Dadri. Some say there were 67 incidents since 2015. 18 persons, including one Hindu, were killed and 71 persons were injured. 7 of the 71 injured in the lynching have been Hindus and 14 dalits. Two incidents of lynching took place in Karnataka and one each in Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Orissa, Assam, West Bengal and Bihar. Whereas 26 lynching incidents have taken place in BJP ruled states, including Rajasthan, Haryana, Gujarat, Maharashtra, UP, MP, Jharkhand and Jammu & Kashmir.
We are made to believe by the lynch mobs in Pakistan that they are protecting Islam and the lynch mobs in India that they are protecting cows. Wrong. Neither Islam needs protection of lynch mobs nor are the cows protected by them. In fact their actions endanger both – cow and Islam. Pakistani lynch mobs are in fact defaming Islam by their violent actions. Experts have pointed out that the peasant would not be able to bear the burden to maintain a cow beyond its lactation period and they may opt for other milch animals and the number of cows in the country may drastically go down. The animators and leaders of lynch mobs have other objectives which we would like inquire into a little later.
Silence of the majority
Lynching is possible in a context wherein a social group is demonized and stigmatized for years, particularly the minorities in Pakistan and India. Minorities are demonized so frequently and so widely using media and social media platforms that they are perceived as anti-nationals and loyal to the “enemy” state. Just because a few Muslim women wear veils and a few Muslim men wear skull cap and grow beard, they are stigmatized as fanatics whereas Hindus applying tilaks on their foreheads women wearing mangalsutra or Sikhs wearing their headgear and carrying kirpan are not perceived as religious fanatics.
Such perceptions do not emerge from nowhere. Differences of way of life are politicised. PM Modi when he was Chief Minister of Gujarat had demonized Muslims to be breading like rabbits in relief camps and denied any material support to hapless displaced of riots in 2002. The then PM Vajpayee had to remind the CM of Gujarat of his raj dharma. Maneka Gandhi, Minister for women and child welfare without any evidence said that the profits from cow slaughter are funding terrorism in the country. The Jains and Hindus are owners of largest slaughter houses and have substantial stake in beef export market earning huge profits. Why would they fund terrorism? Sakshi Maharaj, a BJP MP said madrasas are training grounds of terrorists. Amit Shah, BJP President during campaign in Bihar state elections said that Pakistan would celebrate the defeat of BJP! He had earlier during the General election campaign called upon his Hindu audience to take revenge of Muzaffarnagar communal violence. These are just a few examples of demonization of Muslim and Christian minorities by Hindu supremacists for many years and now they have become conventional wisdom.
State functionaries ignore these hate crimes and remain silent. They shirk their Constitutional mandate and duty to bring those committing hate crimes to justice. This strengthens the assumption within the people that the averments may be true. People then come to believe that the law of the land and criminal justice system is not effective to tackle these criminal, unpatriotic and anti-national traitors that the minorities are.
Lynching receives silent approval of the majority in this backdrop. Mere allegation is enough to believe that a Muslim driver transporting cattle or meat in spite of all necessary permits is a “cow smuggler” or a co-conspirator in cow slaughter. Similarly, in Pakistan, mere allegation that a Hindu or a Christian has insulted Islam or Prophet is sufficient to be convinced of their guilt. This assumption of guilt gives rise to silence of the majority. Large majority of populace of the country is converted into believing the allegations of animator of the lynch mobs without any question. Mashal was lynched in Pakistan, the other students were silent spectators as no one even asked what did Mashal Khan do or say! 16 year old Junaid Khan could be stabbed to death and thrown out of the train as all the passengers were silent spectators. Media reports suggest that even on the railway platform on which Junaid bled to death, no one came forward to speak to the police. The credentials of the animators and members of the lynch mobs do not matter. They may be bullies or extortionists or even criminals often having political ambition.
The lynch squads pretending to be gau rakshaks have been functioning Gujarat since at least over a decade. There are over three scores of them in Ahmedabad alone and many more in other towns of Gujarat. The lynch squads are well networked under patronage of a politician and they cultivate informers all over the place. The squad receives information of vehicles transporting animals from one place to another and whose driver or owner is a Muslim. On receiving such information, their animator/leader assembles the members, sets up unauthorised blockades on road. After the vehicle is stopped, the first thing they do is snatch all the permits that the driver of the vehicle may show (Engineer 2014) At times they extort money and allow the vehicle to carry on and at times they start lynching, they may video graph the whole lynching, summon the police and hand them over. The video is uploaded on social media to exhibit the prowess of the lynch squad. The police would then charge the victims of the lynch squad under anti-cow slaughter legislations and other laws. If a lynch squad is able to mount several such operations, their leader establishes himself as a local bully and has an accelerated political career in the party wherein Hindu supremacist seek opportunities. Hate crimes create silent spectators which enables lynching and which in turn is used as an instrument to deepen demonization of the minorities.
Objectives of lynch mobs
The lynch mobs have a political objective rather than religious one they pretend to have. If the Pakistani lynch mobs wanted to serve or “save” Islam, they should be saying their prayers, observing fast, serving the orphans and the needy through charity and treading the straight path in accordance with Qur’anic guidance, as many pious Muslims do. The lynch mob masquerading as gau rakshaks would not ignore the stray cows and hungry suffering cows in the gaushalas across the country receiving grants from tax payer’s funds. The lynch mobs and their patronisers desire an accelerated political career. Having legally and politically survived lynching operations, their participants have a sense of empowerment and above law. The lynch mobs establish their hegemony not only over the state machinery, but also over politically and socio-economically marginalized sections of the society, including minorities, dalits and other backward classes.
They enforce through coercion the will and way of life of socially hegemonic and privileged upper castes. The Pakistani lynch mobs establish their hegemony not only over the Hindu and Christian minorities but also over Ahmediya, Shias and rationalists. Lynching is leading to Wahabisation of Islam in Pakistan and reinforcing caste based hierarchies, and traditional upper caste and Khap panchayat morality in India. The lynchers trigger off political processes that strengthen patriarchy and control over women’s body, mind and movements. They politically push for more authoritarian state enforcing cultural norms and will of the upper caste. They undermine the concept of citizenship and push the society towards mental ghettoization and acceptance of hegemony of community over the individual.
Resisting lynch mobs and speaking against them is not only in the interest of minorities directly threatened but also in the interest of society in general and democracy in particular. The majority will have to break their silence and be vocal against all forms of violence.
—
Irfan Engineer, Director, Centre for Study of Society and Secularism
પહેલાં આ પુસ્તકનાં લેખિકા વિષે જાણીએ. ગુજરાતમાં કે વિદેશમાં વસતા ગુજરાતીઓ સરૂપ ધ્રુવનાં નામ અને કામને જાણતા હશે. તેમનો પરિચય આપતાં એક લબ્ધ પ્રતિષ્ઠિત કવયિત્રી અને નાટ્ય લેખિકા, સામાજિક-રાજનૈતિક ક્ષેત્રોમાં કર્મશીલની ભૂમિકા ભજવનાર તથા ભાષા અને સંસ્કૃિતનાં શિક્ષક એટલું કહું તો તેમને અન્યાય થશે, કેમ કે તેઓની શિક્ષણ તેમ જ લેખન, સંપાદન અને અનુવાદ, સંશોધન, વિવેચન અને નાટક વગેરે ક્ષેત્રોમાંની સિદ્ધિનું માપ કાઢવા સરૂપ ધ્રુવને નિકટથી જાણવાં, વાંચવાં અને સમજવાં જોઈએ. આજે માત્ર તેમના ‘અણસાર ક્યાંક આશાનો’ પુસ્તકમાંથી ઉભરી આવતી હકીકતો પરથી ભારત, ખાસ કરીને ગુજરાત કઈ દિશામાં ગતિ કરી રહ્યું છે, એ વિષે વાત માંડવી છે.
માનવ ઇતિહાસમાં કદી ન થઇ હોય તેવી હિજરત ભારતના ભાગલા સમયે ઈ.સ 1947માં થઇ. ગોધરા સ્ટેશને ટ્રૈનના ડબ્બામાં આગ લગાડવામાં આવી અને હિંદુ મુસાફરોએ જાન ગુમાવ્યા તે 2002ની સાલ. સ્વતંત્રતા મળ્યા બાદ સાડા પાંચ દાયકાઓ વીત્યા ત્યારે પણ હજુ કોમી દાવાનળ શમ્યો કેમ નથી, એવી વિમાસણ થાય. અન્ય દેશોમાં આવી દુર્ઘટના બને તો પોલીસ ગુનેગારોને પકડી, પુરાવા એકઠા કરે અને કોર્ટમાં કેઇસ ચાલે એટલે દોષિતોને સજા થાય, જેથી ભોગ બનેલાઓને ન્યાય મળે. પરંતુ અહીં તો તે હિચકારા કૃત્યનો બદલો લેવા ગુજરાતના અનેક ગામોમાં મુસ્લિમો પર ત્રાસ ગુજારવામાં આવ્યા. તે સમયે પણ લોકો પોતાનું વતન છોડીને ભાગ્યા. 1947 અને 2002ની ઘટનાઓની સંખ્યામાં ફેર, બાકી હિજરત થવી, કાંખમાં છોરુ લઈને વતન છોડીને ભાગવું, ઘર બાળવા, બળાત્કાર કરવા, જાન લેવો એ બધાનું પુનરાવર્તન થયું. આપણે ઇતિહાસ પાસેથી શું શીખ્યાં?
આ કથાઓના પાત્રો કહે છે તેમ સદીઓથી ભારતમાં અને ગુજરાતમાં હિન્દુ-મુસ્લિમો એકમેકની સાથે સંપીને રહેતા આવ્યા છે. સવાલ એ થાય કે સામાન્ય પ્રજા એકબીજાના દેવ અને પીરને પૂજતી કે ચાદર ચડાવતી આવી છે તો આમ હિન્દુ – મુસ્લિમ વચ્ચે ઝેર આટલું કેમ પ્રસર્યું? સામૂહિક હત્યાકાંડ જેવી ઘટનાઓ કઇં રાતોરાત નથી બનતી. 2002 પહેલાંના દોઢ બે દાયકાથી જ્યારે એલ.કે. અડવાણીની રથયાત્રા નીકળી, અને રામનામની ઈંટો અયોધ્યા લઇ જવામાં આવી, ત્યારથી કોમી વૈમનસ્યના આંધણ મુકાઈ ગયાં હતાં, ચિનગારી ગોધરા કાંડે મૂકી. 21મી સદી શરૂ થઇ તે પહેલાં કેટલાંક વર્ષોથી ગુજરાતમાં કથાકારો આવીને ધર્મની રક્ષા કાજે વિધર્મીઓને હરાવવાની વાત કરતા અને ધીમે ધીમે વિભાજનનું ઝેર ફેલાતું ગયું. મંદિરો અને રથયાત્રાઓની સંખ્યા વધી, લોકોની નજર અને ભાષા બદલાયાં. એક એવો પ્રચાર કરાયો કે પાંડરવાડામાં પાંડવો રહેતા એટલે તેમાં ‘મિયાં’ ન રહેવા જોઈએ. હવે રાજા રામ થઇ ગયા તેનો ય કોઈ પુરાતત્ત્વીય કે દસ્તાવેજી પુરાવો નથી તો પછી અયોધ્યાની ભૂમિ પર રામ મંદિર હતું તે શી રીતે સાબિત થઇ શકે? આમ છતાં એ કાલ્પનિક પવિત્ર સ્થાનનો ધ્વંસ કરીને મસ્જિદ બનાવાયેલી એવી પ્રચલિત થયેલી માન્યતાને હકીકત ગણાવીને મસ્જિદને જમીનદોસ્ત કરવી એ કઈ સાબિતીને આધારે તે તો ખુદ એ ‘ધાર્મિક’ કાર્ય કરનારાઓને ખબર નથી. તો પાંડરવાડા અને પાંડવો સાથેનો સંબંધ કેવી રીતે સાબિત થાય અને તેમાં ય આજે ત્યાં રહેતા મુસ્લિમોની હકાલપટ્ટી માટે કયો તર્ક કામ આવે, ભલા? વર્તમાનમાં પોતાને મળેલ માનવ જન્મને સાર્થક કરે તેવાં કાર્યો હાથ નથી લાધતાં એટલે સદીઓ પહેલાંની પૌરાણિક કથાઓ પરથી વેર ઝેરના બાંધેલાં પોટલાં છોડવાનું શરૂ કર્યું. જોવાનું એ છે કે ગોધરાના કિસ્સામાં ખરા ગુનેગારો કોણ છે, તેની જાણ પણ નહોતી પણ ગુજરાતના અસંખ્ય મુસ્લિમોએ તેની કિંમત ચૂકવવી પડી. વર્ષો પહેલાં અમરનાથના યાત્રીઓ પર આતંકવાદીઓએ હુમલો કર્યો ત્યારે ગુજરાતના ગામડાંઓની મસ્જિદો બાળી, તે શું એમ વિચારીને કે બધા મુસ્લિમો આતંકવાદી છે? એક જગ્યાએ એક કોમમાં જન્મેલ આતંકીઓ હિંસા આચરે તેની સજા એ કોમના બીજાં ગામના નિર્દોષ સભ્યોને કેમ અપાય? કોઈ એક પટેલ કોઈનું ખૂન કરે તો આખી પટેલ કોમને મારી નખાય છે કે? હિંસા આચરનાર કોઈ પણ સમૂહના લોકો હોય તેમને જરૂર વખોડીએ, બાકી ’જયશ્રી રામ’ના નારા સાથે સંહાર કરનારા ‘અલ્લાહો અકબર’ના ઘોષથી હિંસા કરનારા કરતાં કઈ રીતે જુદા પડે? રામ કે અલ્લાહ કોને મારવાનું કહી ગયા, ભલા?